Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology the Skin Review Sheet Ansers

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Functions of the Integumentary System
Anatomy of the Integumentary System
- Structure of the Skin
- Epidermis
- Dermis
- Appendages of the Skin
- Cutaneous Glands
- Pilus and Hair Follicles
- Nails
Physiology of the Integumentary System
- Development of Skin Color
- Hair Growth Cycle
- Nail Growth
Practice Quiz: Integumentary System Anatomy and Physiology

Functions of the Integumentary Organisation

The functions of the integumentary organization are:

Protection. The skin protects deeper tissues from mechanical damage (bumps), chemical damage (acids and bases), ultraviolet radiation (damaging effects of sunlight), bacterial damage, thermal impairment (heat or common cold), and desiccation (drying out).
Temperature regulation. The skin aids in body estrus loss or heat retention equally controlled by the nervous system.
Elimination. The skin aids in the secretion of urea and uric acid through perspiration produced by the sweat glands.
Synthesizer. Synthesizes vitamin D through modified cholesterol molecules in the skin by sunlight.
Awareness. The integumentary system has sensory receptors that can distinguish oestrus, cold, affect, pressure, and pain.

Anatomy of the Integumentary Organization

The skin and its derivatives (sweat and oil glands, pilus and nails) serve a number of functions, generally protective; together, these organs are chosen the integumentary organisation.

Integumentary System-Integumentary System Anatomy and Physiology for Nurses

Structure of the Skin

The skin is composed of two kinds of tissue: the outer epidermis and the underlying dermis.

Epidermis

The outer epidermis composed of stratified squamous epithelium that is capable of keratinizing or becoming hard and tough.

Limerick. The epidermis is composed of upwardly to five layers or strata; from the inside out these are the: stratum basale, spinosum, granulosum, lucidum, and corneum.
Epithelial tissue. Like all other epithelial tissues, the epidermis is avascular; that is, it has no claret supply of its own.
Keratinocytes. Nearly cells of the epidermis are keratinocytes (keratin cells), which produce keratin, the fibrous protein that makes the epidermis a tough protective layer.
Stratum basale. The deepest layer of the epidermis, the stratum basale, lies closest to the dermis and is connected to information technology along a wavy a borderline that resembles corrugated cardboard; this basal layer contains epidermal cells that receive the about acceptable nourishment via improvidence of nutrients from the dermis.
Stratum spinosum. Every bit the epidermal layers move away from the dermis and go function of the more superficial layers, the stratum spinosum.
Stratum granulosum. Upon reaching the stratum granulosum, the layers become flatter and increasingly total of keratin.
Stratum lucidum. Finally, they die, forming the clear stratum lucidum; this latter epidermal layer is non nowadays in all skin regions, it occurs merely where the pare is hairless and extra thick, that is, on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet.
Stratum corneum. The outermost layer, the stratum corneum, is 20 to xxx cells layers thick but it accounts for near three-quarters of epidermal thickness; information technology rubs and flakes off slowly and steadily as the dandruff familiar to everyone; so, this layer is replaced by cells produced by the division of the deeper stratum basale cells.
Cornified cells. The shinglelike dead cell remnants, completely filled with keratin, are referred to every bit cornified or horny cells.
Keratin. Keratin is an uncommonly tough protein; its abundance in the stratum corneum allows that layer to provide a durable "overcoat" for the trunk, which protects deeper cells from the hostile external environment.
Melanin. Melanin, a pigment that ranges in color from xanthous to dark-brown to black, is produced by special spider-shaped cells chosen melanocytes, plant importantly in the stratum basale.
Melanosomes. As the melanocytes produce melanin, information technology accumulates within them in membrane-bound granules called melanosomes; these granules then move to the ends of the spidery artillery of the melanocytes, where they are taken up by nearby keratinocytes.

Dermis

The underlying dermis is mostly made up of dense connective tissue.

Major regions. The dense (gristly) connective tissue making upward the dermis consists of 2 major regions- the papillary and reticular regions.
Papillary layer. The papillary layer is the upper dermal region; it is uneven and has peglike projections from its superior surface called dermal papillae, which indent the epidermis above and incorporate capillary loops which furnish nutrients to the epidermis; information technology besides has papillary patterns that form looped and whorled ridges on the epidermal surface that increase friction and enhance the gripping power of the fingers and feet.
Reticular layer. The reticular layer is the deepest skin layer; it contains blood vessels, sweat and oil glands, and deep pressure receptors called Pacinian corpuscles.
Collagen. Collagen fibers are responsible for the toughness of the dermis; they also concenter and bind water and thus help to keep the peel hydrated.
Rubberband fibers. Elastic fibers give the pare its elasticity when we are young, and as nosotros historic period, the number of collagen and elastic fibers decreases and the subcutaneous tissue loses fat.
Claret vessels. The dermis is abundantly supplied with claret vessels that play a office in maintaining body temperature homeostasis; when body temperature is high, the capillaries of the dermis becomes engorged, or swollen, with heated claret, and the skin becomes reddened and warm; if the environment is absurd, claret bypasses the dermis capillaries temporarily, assuasive internal body temperature to stay loftier.
Nerve supply. The dermis also has a rich nerve supply; many of the nerve endings have specialized receptor end-organs that send messages to the cardinal nervous system for interpretation when they are stimulated past environmental factors.

Appendages of the Skin

The skin appendages include cutaneous glands, hair and pilus follicle, and nails.

Cutaneous Glands

As these glands are formed by the cells of the stratum basale, they button into deeper skin regions and ultimately reside well-nigh entirely in the dermis.

Exocrine glands. The cutaneous glands are all exocrine glands that release their secretions to the skin surface via ducts and they autumn into 2 groups: sebaceous glands and sweat glands.
Sebaceous (oil) glands. The sebaceous, or oil, glands are constitute all over the peel, except on the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet; their ducts usually empty into a hair follicle; the product of the sebaceous glands, sebum, is a mixture of oily substances and fragmented cells, and it is a lubricant that keeps the peel soft and moist and prevents the hair from condign brittle.
Sweat glands. Sweat glands, too chosen sudoriferous glands, are widely distributed in the skin, and there are 2 types: eccrine and apocrine.
Eccrine glands. The eccrine glands are far more than numerous and are found all over the body; they produce sweat, a clear secretion that is primarily water plus some salts, vitamin C, trace of metabolic wastes, and lactic acid; the eccrine glands are likewise a part of the body's heat regulating equipment.
Apocrine glands. Apocrine glands are largely confined to the axillary and genital areas of the torso; they are usually larger than eccrine glands and their ducts empty into hair follicles; their secretion incorporate fatty acids and proteins, likewise as all substances present in eccrine secretion; they begin to function during puberty nether the influence of androgens, and they besides play a minimal role in thermoregulation.

Hair and Pilus Follicles

There are millions of hair scattered all over the torso, but other than serving a few minor protective functions, our torso hair has lost much of its usefulness.

Hairs. A hair, produced by a hair follicle, is a flexible epithelial construction.
Root. The role of the pilus enclosed in the follicle is the root.
Shaft. The office projecting from the surface of the scalp or skin is called shaft.
Formation. The hair is formed by division of a well-nourished stratum basale epithelial cells in the matrix (growth zone) of the hair seedling at the inferior end of the follicle.
Composition. Each hair is made upwardly of a key cadre chosen the medulla surrounded past a bulky cortex layer.
Cuticle. The cortex is enclosed by an outermost cuticle formed past a single layer of cells that overlap ane some other similar shingles on the roof; this organization helps to keep the hairs apart and keeps them from matting; the cuticle is the most heavily keratinized region; it provides strength and helps go on the inner hair layers tightly compacted.
Pilus paint. Pilus pigment is made by melanocytes in the hair bulb, and varying amounts of different types of melanin combine to produce all varieties of hair colour from stake blond to pitch black.
Hair follicles. Hair follicles are actually compound structures.
Epidermal sheath. The inner epidermal sheath is composed of epithelial tissue and forms the pilus.
Dermal sheath. The outer dermal sheath is actually dermal connective tissue; this dermal region supplies blood vessels to the epidermal portion and reinforces it.
Papilla. Its nipplelike papilla provides the blood supply to the matrix in the hair bulb.
Arrector pili. Small-scale bands of smooth muscle cells -arrector pili- connect each side of the hair follicle to the dermal tissue; when these muscles contract, the hair is pulled upright, dimpling the pare surface with "goosebumps".

Nails

A nail is a scalelike modification of the epidermis that corresponds to the hoof or claw of other animals.

Parts. Each nail has a free border, a body (visible attached portion), and a root (embedded in the pare).
Blast folds. The borders of the nail are overlapped by skin folds, called boom folds.
Cuticle. The thick proximal blast fold is unremarkably called the cuticle.
Boom bed. The stratum basale of the epidermis extends beneath the nail equally the blast bed.
Nail matrix. Its thickened proximal area, the nail matrix, is responsible for smash growth.
Color. Nails are transparent and nearly colorless, but they await pinkish because of the rich blood supply in the underlying dermis.
Lunula. The exception to the pink color of the nails is the region over the thickened blast matrix that appears as a white crescent and is called the lunula."

Physiology of the Integumentary System

The normal processes that occur in the integumentary system are:

Evolution of Skin Color

Iii pigments and even emotions contribute to skin color:

Melanin. The amount and kind (yellow, carmine brown, or blackness) of melanin in the epidermis.
Carotene. The corporeality of carotene deposited in the stratum corneum and subcutaneous tissue; carotene is an orange-yellow paint abundant in carrots and other orange, deep yellowish, or leafy green vegetables; the skin tends to have on a yellow-orange bandage when the person eats large amounts of carotene-rich foods.
Hemoglobin. The corporeality of oxygen-rich hemoglobin in the dermal claret vessels.
Emotions. Emotions too influence skin color, and many alterations in peel color point certain disease states.
Redness or erythema. Reddened skin may indicate embarrassment, fever, hypertension, inflammation, or allergy.
Pallor or blanching. Under sure types of emotional stress, some people go pale; pale skin may also signify anemia, low blood pressure, or dumb blood flow into the area.
Jaundice or a xanthous cast. An abnormal yellow skin tone normally signifies a liver disorder in which excess bile pigments are absorbed into the blood, circulated throughout the trunk, and deposited in trunk tissues.
Bruises or black-and-blue marks. Black-and-bluish marks reveal sites where blood has escaped from apportionment and has clotted in tissue spaces; such clotted blood masses are called hematomas.

Pilus Growth Cycle

At any given fourth dimension, a random number of hairs will exist in one of three stages of growth and shedding: anagen, catagen, and telogen.

Anagen. Anagen is the active phase of hair; the cells in the root of the hair are dividing rapidly; a new hair is formed and pushes the club hair (a pilus that has stopped growing or is no longer in the anagen phase) up the follicle and eventually out.
Catagen. The catagen stage is a transitional stage; growth stops and the outer root sheath shrinks and attaches to the root of the hair.
Telogen. Telogen is the resting phase; during this phase, the hair follicle is completely at rest and the club hair is completely formed.

Nail Growth

Nail growth is separated into 3 areas: (i) germinal matrix, (2) sterile matrix, and (three) dorsal roof of the smash fold.

Germinal matrix. It is found on the ventral floor of the smash fold; the smash is produced by gradient parakeratosis , then cells near the periosteum of the phalanx duplicate and enlarge (macrocytosis); newly formed cells migrate distally and dorsally in a column toward the boom; cells see resistance at established nail, causing them to flatten and elongate as they are incorporated into the nail; it initially retains nuclei (lunula); more distal cells go nonviable and lose nuclei.
Sterile matrix. The surface area of the sterile matrix is distal to the lunula and it has a variable amount of blast growth; information technology contributes squamous cells, aiding in nail strength and thickness and it has a role in nail plate adherence past linear ridges in the sterile matrix epithelium.
Dorsal roof of the smash fold. The nail is produced in a like manner as the germinal matrix, but the cells lose nuclei more rapidly and it imparts smoothen to the nail plate.

Practice Quiz: Integumentary System Anatomy and Physiology

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1. The peel is the major organ of the torso. All of the following are functions of the skin EXCEPT

A. Temperature regulation
B. Protection
C. Awareness
D. Vitamin B product

1. Answer: D. Vitamin B production

D: When exposed to ultraviolet calorie-free, the skin produces a molecule that tin can be transformed into Vitamin D.
A: Body temperature is regulated by controlling the blood flow through the pare and the activity of the sweat glands.
B: The skin provides protection confronting abrasion and ultraviolet light. Information technology also prevents the entry of microorganisms and dehydration by reducing water loss from the body.
C: The skin has sensory receptors that can detect pain, cold, oestrus, touch, and pressure.

2. Which of the following gives the stratum corneum its structural strength?

A. Melanin
B. Melanosomes
C. Keratin
D. Actin

2. Answer: C. Keratin

C: Keratin is an exceptionally tough poly peptide; its abundance in the stratum corneum allows that layer to provide a durable "overcoat" for the body, which protects deeper cells from the hostile external environment.
A: Melanin, a pigment that ranges in color from yellow to brown to black, is produced by special spider-shaped cells called melanocytes, plant chiefly in the stratum basale.
B: Melanosomes, Equally the melanocytes produce melanin, it accumulates within them in membrane-bound granules called melanosomes; these granules so motility to the ends of the spidery arms of the melanocytes, where they are taken up by nearby keratinocytes.
D : Actin, ane of the protein that forms the contractile filaments of muscle cells, and is as well involved in move in other types of cells.

three. In which layer of the skin undergoes a mitotic sectionalization?

A. Stratum spinosum
B. Stratum granulosum
C. Stratum corneum
D. Stratum basale

3. Answer: D. Stratum basale

D: The deepest stratum, stratum basale, consists of cuboidal or columnal cells that undergo mitotic division every 19 days.
A: Stratum spinosum is the layer where Langerhans cells are found forth with many rows of spiny keratinocytes.
B: Stratum granulosum, is where keratinocytes begin to produce waxy lamellar granules to waterproof the skin.
C: Stratum corneum consists of dead, squamous cells filled with the difficult protein called keratin.

four. Which of the post-obit cells is responsible for helping the body learn and later detect allergens in the skin.

A. Cornified cells
B. Fibroblasts.
C. Merkel cells
D. Langerhans cells

4. Respond: D. Langerhans cells

D: Langerhans cells are allowed cells establish in the epidermis and are responsible for helping the torso learn and afterwards recognize new 'allergens' (strange to the trunk).
A:Cornified cells, the shingle-like dead jail cell remnants, completely filled with keratin, are referred to as cornified or horny cells.
B: Fibroblasts are cells that produce and eolith collagen and other elements of the dermis equally required for growth or to repair wounds.
C: Merkel cells are cells found in the basal layer of the epidermis. Their exact role and function are not well understood.

v. Which major gland of the pare produces a secretion that is mostly water with few salts?

A. Lachrymal glands
B. Eccrine glands
C. Sebaceous glandsE
D. Ceruminous glands

5. Respond: B. Eccrine glands

B:Eccrine glands secrete sweat, a mixture of 99 percent water and ane percentage salts and fats.
A:Lachrymal glands secretes tears which moisten, lubricate, and protect the surface of the centre.
C: Sebaceous glands are found all over the body except on the palms of hands and soles of anxiety. The glands empty via ducts into the bases of hair follicles and secrete sebum (a mixture of waxes, fats, and hydrocarbons).
D: Ceruminous glands secrete cerumen (earwax), a viscous substance that is thought to repel foreign material.

6. Which of the following is responsible for belongings the hair in the hair follicle?

A. Cuticle
B. Papilla
C. Shaft
D. Arrector pili

half dozen. Answer: A. Cuticle

A: A pilus has a difficult cortex that is covered past cuticle which is a single layer of overlapping cells that holds the hair in the hair follicle.
B: The papilla of a hair follicle contains many blood vessels that supply nutrients to nourish the growing hair.
C : The part projecting from the surface of the scalp or peel is called shaft.
D: The arrector pili musculus (APM) consists of a small ring of smooth musculus that connects the hair follicle to the connective tissue of the basement membrane.

7. It is a specialized class of epidermis that is found over the base of the nails of the fingers.

7. Answer: C. Eponychium

C: Eponychium or cuticle is a layer of epithelium that overlaps and covers the edge of the nail body. It helps to seal the edges of the nail to forestall infection of the underlying tissues.
A: The whitish or paler hemispheric portion of the nail body arcing upwardly from the cuticle or eponychium is called lunula.
B: The hyponychium is the area of epithelium, especially the thickened portion, underlying the free edge of the boom plate on the nail.
D: The costless border of the fingernail is located beyond the blast body, where the fingernails end.

8. The most common form of skin cancer is:

A. Squamous cell carcinoma
B. Dermatofibrosarcoma
C. Basal cell carcinoma
D. Merkel cell carcinoma

8. Reply: C. Basal prison cell carcinoma

C:Basal cell carcinoma is the most frequent skin cancer among humans.
A: Squamous cell carcinoma accounts for most 20% of all skin cancers but is more common in immunosuppressed people.
B and D: Less common skin cancers include malignant melanoma, Merkel cell carcinoma, and dermatofibrosarcoma.

ix. Which is the correct guild of the layers of the epidermis, from the deepest to the nearly superficial?

A. Stratum spinosum, S.basale, South.lucidum, South.granulosum, S.corneum
B. Stratum corneum, Due south.lucidum, Due south.basale, Southward.spinosum, S.granulosum
C. Stratum basale, South.spinosum, S.granulosum, S.lucidum, Due south.corneum
D. Stratum corneum, S.lucidum, S.granulosum, S.spinosum, South.basale

9. Answer: C. Stratum basale, S.spinosum, S.granulosum, S.lucidum, Southward.corneum

10. The transitional stage in the hair growth bicycle is:

A. Catagen
B. Anagen
C. Collagen
D. Telogen

10. Answer: A. Catagen

A: The catagen phase is a transitional stage; growth stops and the outer root sheath shrinks and attaches to the root of the hair.
B: Anagen is the agile phase of hair.
C: Collagen is the most abundant protein in the man torso.
D: Telogen is the resting stage.

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